Characterization Summary Themes of the Sons Veto

Characterization: Reverend Twycott: Reverend Twycott was the vicar at Gaymead, a little village in North Wessex. Following the death of his wife, he became aware of Sophy’ s devotion and care for him. Following the sad little accident that left Sophy incapacitated, Twycott proposes marriage to her. Twycott has committed what in his eyes was â€Å"social suicide† and he moves, exchanging the charming Gaymead for dull and drab south of London. The Reverend seems to have had a poor opinion of Sophy as a manager of money and on his death allowed her only a small allowance and the use of a small house. Twycott continued to control Sophy’ s life from his grave. Twycott is a typical Victorian man who decides for others what he thinks is best for†¦show more content†¦Eventually she meets Sam again when he is transporting vegetables to Covent Garden market. She tells him she is unhappy and wishes she were living back in the countryside. Their relationship comes to life again, and Sam proposes marri age to her for a second time. She accepts in principle, even though by doing so she would lose the home and the living Twycott has provided for her. But she needs time to break the news to her son. When she does so, he forbids her to marry Sam because the shame of it would downgrade him in the eyes of his friends. Sophy asks Sam to wait, and he does so for five years, after which he repeats his offer. Sophy renews her appeal to Randolph, who is now an undergraduate at Oxford. He forces her kneel down and swear that she will never marry Sam, claiming that he does this to honour the memory of his father. Five years later Sam has become a prosperous greengrocer. He stands in his shop doorway as Sophy’s funeral procession passes by on its way to her home village. Randolph who has now become a priest scowls at Sam from the mourner’s coach. Themes: Marriage: There are any number of injudicious, difficult, and failed marriages in Hardy’s work. It was a subject dear to his heart, since he felt that his own marriage to Emma Gifford had run onto the rocks of boredom and indifference once it had passed beyond its early days of romance. Sophy at nineteen has a proposal of marriage from Sam theShow MoreRelatedSons Veto1509 Words   |  7 Pagesidea of God are some of the recurring themes we see in Thomas Hardy’s novels. Many of his stories are set in semi-fictional Wessex. Thomas Hardy’s characters struggle against adverse social circumstances, strong passions and an inexorable fate that decides the path of their life. Thomas Hardy’s works were much admired by later day writers and his position as a poet has seen enhancement in the later twentieth century. Background/Setting The story A Son’s Veto is set in rural England in its earlyRead MoreSons Veto1519 Words   |  7 Pagesidea of God are some of the recurring themes we see in Thomas Hardy’s novels. Many of his stories are set in semi-fictional Wessex. Thomas Hardy’s characters struggle against adverse social circumstances, strong passions and an inexorable fate that decides the path of their life. Thomas Hardy’s works were much admired by later day writers and his position as a poet has seen enhancement in the later twentieth century. Background/Setting The story A Son’s Veto is set in rural England in its early parts

Andy Francois Destined Or Chosen Evil - 1526 Words

KENDALL FRANCOIS: DESTINED OR CHOSEN EVIL Michael Schulz PHIL 211: Why Are Bad People Bad? October 21, 2014 Kendall Francois was an American serial killer who committed murders from 1996 through 1998. He was responsible for the disappearance and murder of a total of eight women, who were all thought to be prostitutes. 1 The names of these eight women were: Wendy Meyers, Gina Barone, Catherine Marsh, Michelle Easton, Kathleen Hurley, Mary Giaccone, Sandra French, and Catina Newmaster. 1 Kendall appeared to have a nice, caring, and stable homelife, and was likely never abused in any way during his childhood. So, then why did he commit these heinous crimes against women? Kendall Francois was born in Poughkeepsie, NY. He went to nearby Arlington High School, and graduated in 1989. 2 He then joined the Army in the year of 1990, and ultimately was stationed in Fort Sill, OK. 2 He eventually left the Army, and came back to his hometown after a bit. 2 He then began attending the local community college in 1993 as an on and off kind of student until 1998. 2 He led a life of many different jo bs, and was kind of what one would call a job jumper.2 One significant thing to note was that Kendall did work at Arlington Middle School from 1996-1997 as a hall monitor, and did have a few complaints against him for inappropriate fondling and general behavior around many female students. 1 These complaints eventually led the school to firing Francois for

Stakeholder Engagement in Adaptation Interventions - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Stakeholder Engagement in Adaptation Interventions. Answer: Introduction: Stakeholders are an important part of any business organisation. Each company works towards maximizing the interests of the stakeholders. Stakeholders can be considered as key element of any corporate entity. Stakeholder can be understood as any person, group, community that has interest or concern in the organization. Stakeholders can be affected or affect the organizations objectives, actions policies. Stakeholders can be understood as creditors, directors, shareholders, government agencies, owners, suppliers, agencies, community etc., from which business draws its resources. Stakeholders have different stakes or interests in the company and hence not all of them are equal ( Vallaster Wallpach, 2013) In this report, we will understand the scope of different stakeholders, their vested interests in the company and how to effectively engage the stakeholders. Not all stakeholders are active and participate in business communication. Some are dormant by nature and hence it becomes really difficult for organisation to grow when all the stakeholders are not on the same page. Engagement is extremely essential for any businesss growth and thus requires active participation of stakeholders. Also, some of the concern in engagement of stakeholders is voicing their opinion; some of the stakeholders are dominated by others, which result in unequal voicing on an issue or a problem. These stakeholders thus forms a part of the minority group, whose concern are not paid enough heads to, this is extremely hurtful for any companys interests. To engage these kinds of stakeholders, different ideas have to be thought of; thinking out of the box will only help them to give their voices a platform and at tention too. Hence, it can be established that a genuine representative engagement is a must and should for any companys goals and objectives and also to further lead the company to the path of success. Any successful company in the present world relies heavily on the stakeholders participation and engagement (Andriof, Waddock, Husted Rahman, 2017). In the report further we will see how we can increase the genuine participation of stakeholders in the organisation and what measures could be taken to increase the engagement. Stakeholder engagement: It can be understood as the process through which a company interacts with its stakeholders in order to achieve a desired outcome or objective, this helps them to achieve a desired outcome with increased accountability. In earlier days , stakeholder engagement used to be done only in order to mitigate the risks, but now, after understanding the importance of it, stakeholder engagement have become proactive as it helps to enhance sustainability and profitability of the organisation (RInaldi,Unerman Tilt, 2014). There are numerous opportunities to interact with the stakeholders, organisation should carefully observe and then nurture the relationships it wants to build with the stakeholders. Benefits of engaging with the stakeholders: Building trust: This goes down a long road as it certainly helps in strengthening the ties between the company and stakeholders and also helps in improving relationships. It also helps to reduce any tension what so ever between the company and the stakeholders (Dawkins,2014) Risk Management: Stakeholders, if are on the same page as the company it goes a long way in mitigating the risk and creating a stable environment and a great workplace for everyone. Brand enhancement: Engaging with stakeholders in a positive manner helps the brand getting an increased visibility and thus earning a good reputation for the company. Customer, investors and other stakeholders see this as a sign of strength and growth, thus making the companys brand more powerful (Gao Zhang, 2006) Improved Productivity: Better engagement with the stakeholders can also increase the productivity of the company, stakeholders come from different expertise and a great experience, and hence their inputs can help in increasing the productivity of the organisation (Riordan Fairbrass, 2014) Strategic opportunities: Stakeholders helps to identifying new avenues of business and also new areas in which company can be more efficient and thus explore new business segments and markets. Increased partnership: Engaging with stakeholders can get the companies more resources and also create a resource pool to achieve a common goal. Increased investment: Engaging with stakeholders can help the company attract greater investment form the impactful and deep pockets investors (Carman Workman, 2017) It is really essential to build a great relationship with the stakeholders and engaging with them is the only way to derive that. Achieving genuine representation of stakeholders is a concern for the managers, but there are a couple of methods by which engagement of the stakeholders can be ensured Engagement strategies for stakeholders: Engagement type Description Communicate/Disclose It can be understood as one way communication from the company to stakeholders, the information can be about new practices, developments that may impact them. This goes down in building a relationship with the stakeholders and also demonstrates transparency in the system. Examples of this type of communication can be bulletins, speeches, presentations, newsletters , open houses, town hall meetings etc. Consult Company may ask for stakeholders advise on decision making, this would make the stakeholders feel empowered and also a feeling of importance sets in them. When the company is valuing the feedback given by stakeholders, it really helps in getting them engaged. Examples can be surveys, assessments, workshops, feedback etc. Participate It can be seen as a two way communication between the stakeholder and the company in matter of decision making. The decisions are thus taken by individual or by voting system. Examples can be leadership summit, focus groups, interviews, research and analysis. Partner/Negotiate This can be seen as collaboration between the parties for a mutual interest. The company and stakeholders develop synergies and hence also reduce the risks by covering all the thinking aspects to a problem. Examples can be joint committee, joint ventures, partnerships, alliances. Empower Stakeholders are given special powers to influence companys governance and also get involved in important decision making. Examples of this type of engagement can be, stakeholders representation on the board, warranty etc. It is though established that public forums like open house meetings, town halls can get a bigger representation of stakeholders and goes a long way to ensure their engagements. I am totally in sync with the ideology that goes behind organising public meetings to get stakeholders representation. Minority Representation: There is no denial that there are certain stakeholders who are more active than the other , but by using the different engagement strategies as mentioned above can help the stakeholders to engage more with the company. There are certain stakeholders who are more vocal and articulate about their opinions and raising their voice over others, the same can be contributed to their personality traits of being vocal. This is a cause of concern for the company as it disallows or demotivates other stakeholders who are less confident and are not vocal, they thus form a part of the minority group. Such stakeholders thus end up being quiet or raising their voice or opinion, and hence leads to a lesser participation in comparison to other stakeholders. This can lead to some serious damage to the company as some views opinion might be worthy of being listened to, but gets lost due to such strong stakeholders. Company should thus ensure that all the stakeholders should participate. This can be ensu red by individual meeting with the stakeholders, where they can open up to the engagers and give their view point. Other techniques which will help the process can be feedback, mail exchange, motivation to the stakeholders, empowering them , explain them the importance of their contribution to the companys growth, making them understand organisation values their feedback and the same can only be achieved if they overcome their fear and indulge in active participation in any form possible (Conley Wright, 2015) Guidelines for a successful engagement: Engaging with stakeholders at an early stage and more often: Proactive, transparent communication with the stakeholders can built trust and also makes them realize their importance to the organisation. It also shows that the company is committed to engagement with its stakeholders. Hence, even if there is no pressing need to engage with the stakeholders, keeping them in loop on even normal day to day matter would make them feel important thus ensuring their better participation (Krogman, 2017) Keep the language easy for the stakeholders: The communication which is put out to the stakeholders should be presented in such a manner which is really easy to understand, succinct and easy to absorb. Difficult language makes it really confusing at ties for the stakeholders which might make them shy to engage with the content. Being thoughtful and sincere: It is a known t=fact that the stakeholders are backbone of any company, hence listening to them carefully and implementing the changes they have advised will be a big step towards further engagement. Listening to stakeholders will make them really comfortable and they would come out in the open and give their views more often and thus increasing their engagement with the company (Jami Walsh, 2014) Recognize challenges: Engagement requires a lot of time and resources and it has to be dealt with utmost importance. It also raises the stakeholders expectation when they are being engaged with the company, it can also lead to disappointment when their views are not considered, hence they have to be made to understand if and when their views and feedback are not considered and the rationale behind the same(Wardle, 2015) Engagement has to be tailored according to the context: Different stakeholders require different strategies of engagement; it also depends on the company size, project type, concern type and many other factors. Hence it is really important to tailor the content for different stakeholders according to the rele vancy of the context (Sherman Ford, 2014) There can also be certain issues or hindrances on the path of stakeholders engagement, which might also hold them back form engaging, some of the rampant issues which are regional can be: Social issues: Some of the stakeholders have social issues like health, job creation, studies, safety etc., and these issues matter more to the stakeholders in comparison to other issues like environment, hence they focus more on the social issues and less on the environmental issues this can be a hindrance on the path of engagement (Mok, Shen Yang, 2015) Different view of opinion: The stakeholders can be divided in two groups, urban and rural stakeholders. For examples urban stakeholders will focus more on the environmental impact because of the mining and excavation industries, whereas rural stakeholders will focus more on the employment opportunities. It thus kinds of creates a misbalance and can also be a cause of less engagement (Esmail, Moore Rein, 2015) Conclusion: It can be concluded by saying that the relationship building with the stakeholders takes a good amount of time and resources. The relationship building with the stakeholders is important. Engaging with them is a key aspect of any business, as these stakeholders have a great experience and learning of their field which is certainly useful for the companies. Thus such techniques should be adopted which helps to create a great ecosystem for the engagement. The language of communicating with the stakeholders have to be thought of, the feedback given have to be understood carefully before implementing any changes, at the same time if a view is not considered the rationale behind the same has to be made to understand to the stakeholders. Empowering the stakeholders will go down as the key strategy to increase the engagement with the company. Processes like open house meeting, town halls, gives a good opportunity of engagement with the stakeholders and also allows a great participation of e very stakeholder (Henisz , Dorobantu Nartey, 2014). References: Vallaster, C. and von Wallpach, S 2013, An online discursive inquiry into the social dynamics of multi-stakeholder brand meaning co-creation, Journal of Business Research, 66(9), pp.1505-1515. Andriof, J., Waddock, S, Husted, B. and Rahman, S.S 2017, Unfolding stakeholder thinking: theory, responsibility and engagement, Routledge. Rinaldi, L., Unerman, J. and Tilt, C 2014, The role of stakeholder engagement and dialogue within the sustainability accounting and reporting process, Sustainability accounting and accountability, pp.86-107. Dawkins, C.E 2014, The principle of good faith: Toward substantive stakeholder engagement, Journal of Business Ethics, 121(2), pp.283-295. Gao, S.S. and Zhang, J.J 2006, Stakeholder engagement, social auditing and corporate sustainability, Business process management journal, 12(6), pp.722-740. ORiordan, L. and Fairbrass, J 2014, Managing CSR stakeholder engagement: A new conceptual framework, Journal of Business Ethics, 125(1), pp.121-145. Carman, K.L. and Workman, T.A 2017, Engaging patients and consumers in research evidence: applying the conceptual model of patient and family engagement, Patient education and counseling, 100(1), pp.25-29. Krogman, N 2017, Engaging local stakeholders, McGraw. Conley, H. and Wright, T 2015, Making reflexive legislation work: stakeholder engagement and public procurement in the Public Sector Equality Duty, Equality and Diversity Forum and EDF Research Network. Wardle, M 2015, Evidence Is Not Enough: The Challenges of Engaging Organisational Stakeholders with Different Perspectives, In Derailed Organizational Interventions for Stress and Well-Being (pp. 93-99). Springer Netherlands. Esmail, L., Moore, E. and Rein, A 2015, Evaluating patient and stakeholder engagement in research: moving from theory to practice, Journal of comparative effectiveness research, 4(2), pp.133-145. Mok, K.Y., Shen, G.Q. and Yang, J 2015, Stakeholder management studies in mega construction projects: A review and future directions, International Journal of Project Management, 33(2), pp.446-457. Sherman, M.H. and Ford, J 2014, Stakeholder engagement in adaptation interventions: an evaluation of projects in developing nations, Climate Policy, 14(3), pp.417-441. Jami, A.A. and Walsh, P.R 2014, The role of public participation in identifying stakeholder synergies in wind power project development: The case study of Ontario, Canada. Renewable Energy, 68, pp.194-202. Henisz, W.J., Dorobantu, S. and Nartey, L.J 2014, Spinning gold: The financial returns to stakeholder engagement, Strategic Management Journal, 35(12), pp.1727-1748.

Parts Emporium Case Study Essay Example For Students

Parts Emporium Case Study Essay The important point is that firms must have the right amount of inventory to meet their competitive priorities. The only relevant costs considered in this chapter are ordering costs, holding costs, and stockpot costs. In the economic order quantity (EGO) model, costs of placing replenishment orders tradeoff against the costs of holding inventory. Under the assumptions of the EGO average inventory is one-half of the order quantity. The number of orders placed per year varies inversely with order quantity. When we consider stockpot costs, an additional inventory (satiety stock), is held to trade-off costs of poor customer service or costs for expediting shipments trot unreliable suppliers. In the lean systems chapter, we see order quantities (lot sizes) that are much smaller than the ideal suggested by the EGO model, As a result, lean systems average inventory is also much lower. Are there some other relevant costs of holding inventory that we have not considered in the EGO model? It there are, a firm that ignores these costs will make the wrong inventory sections. We will write a custom essay on Parts Emporium Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These furlong decisions will make the firm less competitive. Lets examine the relationships between inventory and the nine competitive priorities discussed in the operations strategy chapter. We compare competitors H and L. They are similar in all respects except H maintains much higher inventory than does L _ I. Low-cost operations. Costs include materials, scrap, labor, and equipment capacity that are wasted when products are defective. When a process drifts out Of control, competitor Hes large lot sizes tend to result in large quantities of defectives. The EGO does not consider the cost of defectives, and erroneously assumes that setup costs are constant. Small lots cause frequent setups, but the cost per setup decreases due to the learning curve. Competitor L will enjoy competitive advantages with lower setup, materials, labor, equipment, and inventory holding costs. 2. Top quality. Superior features, durability, safety, and convenience result from improved designs. High inventories force competitor H to choose between scrapping obsolete designs or delaying introduction to product improvements until the old inventory is consumed. In either case, L gains a competitive advantage. 3. Consistent quality. Consistency in contorting to design specifications requires consistency in supplied materials, setups, and processes. Small lots made frequently tend to increase consistency, Again, advantage goes to L. 4 Delivery speed. Large lots take longer to produce than small lots. A customer will wait less time for competitor L to set up and produce orders made in small batches. 5. On-time delivery. Contrary to expectations, large inventories do not equate to on-time delivery. Its more like, lots Of inventory equals lots Of chaos. Big lots make big scheduling problems. Big lots get dropped, mishandled, and pilfered. Most lean companies experience dramatic improvement in on-time delivery. 6. Development speed. This response is similar to that given for top quality. LOW inventories result in getting new designs to the market more quickly. 7. Customization. Lean companies usually dont claim an advantage in customization. However, large inventories provide no advantage with regard to customization either. It remains unlikely that a customized product will be found in inventory, no matter how large. 8. Variety. Mass customize compete on service or product variety. They will keep products at raw material or component evils until a customer orders a specific configuration. Inventories are at as low a level as possible. 9. Volume flexibility, Lean (low inventory) companies tend to produce the same quantity to every product every day, but they claim considerable volume flexibility from month to month. On the other hand, a large finished goods inventory can be used to absorb volume fluctuations. In summary, a case can be made that several competitive priorities are not considered in the EGO model. .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 , .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .postImageUrl , .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 , .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:hover , .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:visited , .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:active { border:0!important; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:active , .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The French And Indian War EssayIt is sometimes difficult to place a dollar value on these competitive advantages, but the advantages invariably go to the low- inventory, small lot-size firm. So if the EGO is etch large, what is the ideal lot size? According to the lean philosophy, the ideal lot size is one. 2. The continuous review system requires the determination Of two parameters: the order quantity and the reorder point. The ordering cost for each firm will decrease, Which means that the economic order quantities Will decrease. Because of this, there may be some implications for the logistics system. Smaller, more frequent shipments could require more costly less-than-truckload shipments. In addition, while the order quantities will decrease, the reorder points will also decrease because the lead times will be smaller. The supply chain should experience smaller pipeline inventories as a consequence. Fifth new information system also reduces the variance of demand or lead times, there can be additional safety stock savings. However, all of these benefits will come at some additional expense for the incorporation of the new system. There will be capital costs for equipment and potential training costs involved, 3. Organizations Will never get to the point where inventories are unneeded, Inventories provide many tensions and should be managed, not eliminated. It is impossible to eliminate uncertainties in the provision of products or services. In edition, unless materials can be transported instantaneously, there will always be pipeline inventories. Cycle inventories will exist unless we universally get to the point where production of single units is feasible. PROBLEMS I _ Lockwood Industries First we rank the SKU from top to bottom on the basis of their dollar usage. Then we partition them into classes. The analysis was done using MM Explorer Tutor. 1 -?BBC Analysis. Cumulative % Description Sty Seeders Value Dollar Usage Pact of Total of Dollar Value of SKU Class 44,000 51. 00 4,000 60. 0% 12. 5% 70,000 $21 ,oho 286% 88. 7% 25. 0% $4. 50 $4,050 5. 5% 94. 2% 37. 5% 120,000 0. 03 $3,600 50. 0% SO,90 $315 99. 5% 62, $1. 50 5300 0. 4% 99. 9% 75. 0% $0. 45 $45 100. 0% 87. 5% 50. 01 Total 573,322 The dollar usage percentages dont exactly match the predictions of BBC analysis. For example, Class A SSW account for 88. 7% tooth total, rather than 80%.

The Free Will Controversy Essays - Desiderius Erasmus,

The Free Will Controversy The Free Will Controversy Between the years of 1524 and 1527, Erasmus Desiderius and Martin Luther were tangled up in an interesting controversy (Bainton 187). This controversy surprisingly did not involve the authority of the pope, the nature of the church, indulgences, or any of the other practices that each man equally detested. It involved the philosophical topic regarding the question of free or enslaved will (Faulkner 171). Preserved Smith defines free will as the power to apply ones self to the things that make for salvation (348). This controversy was bound to happen for a number of reasons. First of all, Luther was becoming violent in his words and actions in general. Secondly, Luther made himself a target by his assertion in the Heidelberg Disputation of 1518. Luther's exact words were, Free will, after the fall, even when doing the best it can, commits a mortal sin. These two factors led Erasmus to speak out against Luther in De Libero Artitrio (On Free Will). Luther eventually answered back furiously in De Servo Arbitrio (On Enslaved Will) (Bainton 186-7). This was a superior work which explains to historians why Luther prevails in the end (Zweig 139). Erasmus was one of the most intelligent people of his century. Today however, he remains in the minds of most people as nothing more than another name (Zweig 3). In his time, he was the leader of all scholars in Europe from Germany to Italy and Spain and from England to Hungary as well. He stands above the other humanists and forerunners of the reformation (Schaff 402). His great mission was to bring back the spirit of classical and Christian Antiquity (Smith 33-4). Preserved Smith describes the first part of his life, specifically until 1524, as being progressive and reformatory; the second, until his death in 1536, he says was, conservative and reactionary (402). He is described as being somewhat of a nomad, never staying in the same place for more than eight years (48). Compared to his contemporaries, Erasmus did more than his share in preparing the church for the reformation (Schaff 402). Historians refer to Erasmus as the, illegitimate son of a Dutch priest named Gerard, and Margaret (Schaff 404). He was born in Rotterdam on October 27, in the 1466 or 1467 (Faulkner 30). He received his early education at Utrecht and then at Deventer where he began to impress people with his talents. Within him was a love was a passion for books and at the age of just 12, he knew Horace and Terence by memory (Schaff 404). When his father died, he was taken care of by three guardians. Their goal was to have him become a priest which gave them the power to rob him of his inheritance. They placed him in the house of the Brethren of the Common Life at Hertogenbusch. While there, Erasmus calls their houses as, seminaries of monasticism, and refers to their teachers as a, destruction to good intellect. They did not come close to destroying Erasmus's intellect. A few years later, his guardians convinced him to enter a monastery. He entered the Augustinian monastery against his will where he would spend five extremely unhappy years (Faulkner 323). After this, Erasmus went on to achieve his fame in doing the things he always wanted to do (Schaff 407-9). Despite the fact that Erasmus and Luther had many difference, there were ways in which they were similar. Both of them advocated a return to antiquity and an excitement for the golden age of Christianity and pagan Rome. They both had an interest in revolts against the mediaeval scholasticism. Another similarity lies in their child-hoods. They were both born into an era of individualism. Also, they grew up in cities that had recently developed in the same bourgeois class (Smith 321). Many differences between these two men led to their quarrel. Some of these differences were physical. Luther was the son of a minor. This along with his inborn energies made him the rougher of the two. Luther is quoted as saying, I gorge like a Bohemian and gulp down my liquor like a German (Zweig 132). Luther also spoke in a powerful German voice that was

Strategic and Stakeholder of Boots The WritePass Journal

Strategic and Stakeholder of Boots   STAKEHOLDERS: Strategic and Stakeholder of Boots Abstract:  STAKEHOLDERS:  1. Employees:2. Managers:  Connected Stakeholders1. Distributors:2. Shareholders:  External Stakeholders:1. The Government:  2. The Media:  Monetary and fiscal policies:Taxations:Money supply:Interest rates:Market forces:1. Competitors:2. Demand for boots products.Types of market:1.   Monopoly markets:2.   Oligopoly:Global Factors:Political FactorsPolitical instability:Strikes: Taxation:Economic factorsSocio-culture factors:PopulationCultureREFERENCE and BIBLOGRAPY:Related Abstract:   In this assignment discuss about Stakeholders, Monetary Facial polices, Market forces and global factors impacting on boots. Firstly, discuss the different stakeholders of Boots as well as their interest and impact on stakeholders such as suppliers, stockholders, political, economic and technological. Secondly, discuss the monetary and fiscal policies that can impact on Boots operations as well as their interest. Thirdly, discuss about the market forces that are most likely related to boots business operations, it should respond to these forces as well as include the type of markets the company operates Finally, discuss about the global factors that can impact on boots its operations in China. Q.1: Identify key stakeholders of Boots and discuss the strategies that the company can use to meet the interests of its key stakeholders.   STAKEHOLDERS: Stakeholders are persons or company who has concern in the positive and can be affecting by the performance of the firm.It is an individual, grouping or association that has through or indirect chance in a group because it can affect or be affected by the organization’s activities, objectives and policies. Worthington Britton (2003)   Different Types of stakeholders:    There are people who work inside the company and they are directly related to the operations of the organisations.   1. Employees: Someone who is paid for the performance of his or her duty by his or her company and can contain an officeholder, partner and sole-proprietor. It is an important to please workers as pleased and motivated employees be inclined to confirm superior level of production. The interest of employees in the company includes the flowing: Encouraging the interests of their members in terms of better pay and training. Fair behaviour by company. Personal development and good working environment. If their interests are not satisfied, the Boots are impact in following way: 2. Managers: A manager is the person who responsible for controlling or planning or directing or administering or monitoring employees works for a company. The interest of managers in the company includes the flowing: Job security. Keep personal power. Develop of the firm. If their interests are not satisfied, the company can impact in any of way:   Connected Stakeholders 1. Distributors: Distributers make the products of the company available to the customers. It is a representative who supplies product to stores and other industry that sells to customers. The interest of distributors from the company includes the flowing: Timely delivery of orders from the manufacture. Supply goods quality of products. Select fair prices by manufacture. If their interests are not satisfied, the distributors can affect the manufacturing company in any of way: Provide special treatment to the manufactures challengers. Delay payments to the manufactures. Not stocking the manufacturer’s products 2. Shareholders: A shareholder is a person or group personals encourage in a business and one who individual shares of stock in a firm or joint finance The interest of shareholders in the company includes the flowing: Market value of the investment. Safety of investment. Liquidity of investment. If the interest of shareholders is not pleased, than it can impact the firm in any of the following way: The firm close down. The company will lose capital. New people are not interest to invest money.   External Stakeholders:   These are people or organisations that survive outside of the company’s but can affect or be affected by the performances of the organisations. 1. The Government: The act or method of management, especially the organize and admin of public rule in a following element. The interest of the government from the company includes the flowing: Payment of tax regularly. The company should create jobs sector. Obey the laws or terms and condition of the country. If the interest of the government is not pleased, than it can impact the firm in any of the following way: Close down the company. Fine on the organisations. Force penalty.   2. The Media: The media general means is communication. For example radio, newspaper and television are different types of media. The interest of the media from the company includes the flowing: The firm should provide to them stories and news. Buying advertising space. If their interests are not convening, then they can impact the company in such ways as: Write negative or bad stories. Provide false news. Bad comment about the firm. 02: Boots is predominantly based in the UK and the national business environment can affect its operations. Identify and discuss the monetary and fiscal policies that can impact on Boots operations in the UK.   Monetary and fiscal policies:    Monetary: The regulation of the money supply and interest rates by a central bank, such as the Word Bank, in order to control inflation and stabilize currency. Sloman (2007) Fiscal policies: Decisions by the President and Congress, usually relating to taxation and government spending, with the goals of full employment, price stability, and economic growth. By changing tax laws, the government can effectively modify the amount of disposable income available to its taxpayers. For example, if taxes were to increase, consumers would have less disposable income and in turn would have less money to spend on goods and services. Sloman (2007) Monetary and Fiscal issues: Taxation Exchange rates. Government borrowing and spending. Inflations levels. Money supply. Interest rates. Regional Business Cycles. Monetary and Fiscal policies Impacts on boots:    Taxations: The taxations are a payment charge by a management or government on a manufactured goods, earnings or action. If tax is levy straight on private or group profits, it is a direct tax. If it is levy on the cost of a good quality or service,it is called an indirect tax. The intention of tax is provide money to government. For example, United Kingdom (UK) government has increased 17.5% to 20% income tax from jan-2011, it will be more impact on boots such as the company will increase their products price and they will lost consumer very shortly because the costumer are not interest to buy the products. If the government will reduce tax it will be more effect on boots positively. For example, the boots will reduce their products price and the costumer will buy the products more. Money supply: The money supply is all total deliver of cash in movement an agreed country’s financial system at a particular moment. The money supply is consider an essential tool for controlling price increases by those economists who speak that development in money supply will only guide to increase if currency claim is secure. Interest rates: The interest is a charge is pay or the use of cash. An interest rate is frequently spoken as a yearly profit of the most important. Interest rates frequently change as an effect of price increases and central formality policy. For example, if a lender (such a private or government bank) charges a customer  £50 in a year on a loan of 1000, than the interest rate would be 50/1000*100%=5%. If interest rates is low the boots are more interested to borrow money from the bank to invest in their company, if it is high they are not more interest to loan. Q.03: Explain the market forces that are most likely related to boots business operations and discuss how it should respond to these forces. Your discussion should also include the type of markets the company operates. Market forces: Market forces mean are the economic factors disturbing the price and ease of understanding of a service or product in a free market. Economic pressure caused by free trade and not governed by the action of the government. Weatherston   Wilkinson(2010) There are different market forces: Competitors: Demand for boots products. Suppliers of boots product. Consumers disposable incomes Consumer’s life style. Availability of substitute products. Cost of production for boots products. Employment levels. 1. Competitors: In industry, a corporation in the similar manufacturing or a comparable business which offer a related invention or facility. The attendance of single or extra competitor can diminish the price of merchandise and military as the company endeavour to increase a big market allocate. Opposition as well require company to develop into extra resourceful in command to decrease price. Campbell Craig   (2005) The competitors are a company who challenger each other for their products, marketing policy, manufacturing etc.For example: Supper Drugs and Glaxo Smith Kline are company are competitors. The impacts on boots are capturing new customer or keep in touch with old customer, take the great idol, rise on the top marketplace possible. 2. Demand for boots products. The sum an exacting financial high-quality or provision so as to a buyer or collection of customers will desire to purchase at a known cost. The demand is regularly descending slanting, because customers will covet to obtain additional as cost decrease. Demand for a high-quality or overhaul is strong-minded by various diverse factors other than charge.   Blair Hitchcock  (2007) For example: Co-co cola and Pepsi are   Ã‚  the cost of replacement products and fully separate to value or just about unlimited at a programmed price. The boots want that products those want to customer more. Types of market: A market is a position where consumer and seller act together. Basically there are many types of market whose classification is based on the use of the products that these markets offer, the different types of which are explained below. Monopoly markets Oligopoly Consumer markets Business-to-business markets Institutional markets 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reseller markets 1.   Monopoly markets: Monopoly lies at the opposite end of the spectrum to competition. In its purest from a monopolistic market is one in which there is no competition at all, there is a single producer supplying the whole market. Morrison, (2011) There are many explanations why it happens. Few of them are refer to below: When a businessman get capital for a product which other people can’t get. When one gets expert enough such that others can’t handle his level of skill for that service. The manufactured goods provide excellent public utility and is most easy to use. May be the product or facility is recently made-up and therefore the technology existing booked with that provider. 2.   Oligopoly: An oligopoly is a marketplace subject by little large dealers. The amount of market attention is very high. Firms within an oligopoly produce branded products and there are also barriers to entry. Morrison (2011) Another main quality of an oligopoly is mutuality between the companies. This funds that each firm should get into bank account the possible reply of other firms in the marketplace when creation price and savings decision. These create insecurity in such market which economists request to copy from side to side the use of game theory. The Boots are operating in market following way:   A great compact of market power. A secure price rank, the price set by price management. A lot publicity or advertising and brand name. Non-price opposition is common. Irregular income can exit; their amount depends on the power of competitors. Q: 04: Boots has now entered the market in china as part its growth strategy. Identify and explain the global factors that can impact on its operations in China.    Global Factors: Global factors in China are relating to the whole word, worldwide, the communication will be in the global economy. Political factors. Economic factors. Socio-culture factors. Technological factors. Legal factors. Ecological factors. Political Factors Political factors is truthful information which is acceptable, but on the other hand able to be info Political factors are truthful information which is correct, but on the other hand can be information which knows how to be challenged politicians. This can be a number of equipment. For examples, Education, Employment, etc. Worthington Britton(2003). Political instability: Political factors in China have a tendency to concentrate on the identification of what improves  economic performance and governmental stability. China is a big country, both geologically and population wise. So a main concern is how to resolve the overall development of the nation. Strikes: Strikes are bad news for a country. If a person or company strike against of government or any other countries, it will be more harm for a country because the boots will not interest to invest. In this time boots will think, no invest any more or try to find another country. For example, in China, â€Å"Five big emerging powers expressed misgivings on Thursday about NATO-led air strikes in Libya and urged an end to the fighting which, together with turbulence elsewhere in the Arab world, has added to global uncertainty†. The Reuters, (Chaina, Thu Apr 14, 2011 1:21pm IST), Taxation: The taxations are a fee charge by a government on a product, earnings or action. If tax is levy instantly on private or group profits, than it is a direct tax. For example, In China, income is texted gradually at 5% to 45% and tax rate for domestic and foreign companies is 25%. Sometimes the boots are not interest to make a company because there have many to have below 25% tax. They will find better options. Those political factors are impact on Boots in China: The Boots in China their Company close down. The Boots will lose investor and shareholder. They will think alternative. They will lose trust of shareholders. Economic factors Economic factors are an activity of country, company or person. It will be exchange rates, demand of company or supplier, competition, transport costs, fuel or power prices and interest rates. If country’s economic growth is low the boots business will close down, staff cut, lose money and economy performed will run poorly. For example, In China, as the year 2009 fades into the distance in the rear view mirror, the Chinese economy has entered into unknown territory in 2010. Investors are universally far more upbeat than one year ago. Policymakers talk busily about adjusting economic structure as the new top policy priority, seeing no risk in achieving above 8 per cent growth. Huang (2010) The economic factors are impact on Boots in China: The Boots will lose capital. They will lose man power. Lose supplier. They are not able to sell low price products. The firm close down. Socio-culture factors:    Population In china directly connected to this is the people matter. If women observe staying at home and bringing up children as their chief role, they will have extra children than persons who job. (Appendix: 01) sustainablescale.org/images/uploaded/Population/World Population Growth to 2050.JPG Culture China might be a main control now, but it was the world’s residential country in the middle ages and stagnated for centuries. Part of this was cultural, a pleasure and sense of self-sufficiency that led to a closing of China’s borders. China looks to have long been stationary. Sometimes socio-cultures impacts on boots negatively, they are not interest to accept global business with other country peoples. As a reason boots are not interest to invest. REFERENCE and BIBLOGRAPY: Worthington, I. Britton, C. 2003, the Business Environment, Mandarin, London.   Aguilar, F. J.(1967) Scanning the business environment, Macmillan, New York. Sloman, J. (December 3, 2007), Economics and the Business Environment, Financial Times/ Prentice Hall, London Weatherston, J ,  Wilkinson, G. (Sep-2010),The International Business Environment, Lan brooks, UK. Campbell, D. Craig, T.   (2005), Organizations and the Business Environment, Prentice Hall, UK   Blair, A. Hitchcock, D.  (2007), Environment and Business, unlike print books,London,UK   Reuters, (News) ( China  |  Thu Apr 14, 2011 1:21pm IST), Chain News,(2010), (online) Available at worldwide-tax.com/china/china_tax.asp (Assess at12.00 pm on 14-04-2011.   Makmal,J. (2006), attitude of chain government, (online) Available at: ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?contentid=6821   (access at 3.37 pm on 14-04-2011. Huang,Y. (2010) Peking University and ANU press relies, (online) Available at: eastasiaforum.org/2010/01/10/five-predictions-for-the-chinese-economy-in-2010/. (Access at 4.00 pm on 14-04-2011)

Charismatic Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Charismatic Leadership - Research Paper Example In the past Kurt Lewin has introduced three major styles of leadership, i.e. Authoritarian or autocratic, Participative or democratic and Delegative or Free Reign. However with the changing times and changing needs, there have also been a number of newer leadership models that have been developed. Some of these include the transactional, transformational, creative, corrective, change, multicultural, Pedagogical, Servant, and last but not the least Charismatic leadership. The leadership strategies adopted by an individual defines the leadership style of the person. The main aim of this report is to identify and discuss about the newer leadership styles and how they impact the real life organization problems. The main style in focus here is Charismatic leadership. The report will include a brief overview of the traditional concepts and approaches to leadership. A thorough analysis of the concept of charismatic leadership, history of the method, and how charismatic leadership relates to general theories will be made in the paper. Over the years, there have been numerous theories that have been developed for the different leadership approaches. Authors and experts in the field have provided a range of different styles and techniques of leadership. Here a brief overview of these styles has been developed followed by a detailed study of the charismatic leadership. Over the years, leadership literature has evolved and gained a number of schools of thoughts. These have grown from Great man theory and trait theory to the transformational leadership theory. These theories were developed with focus only on the characteristics and behavior of the leaders however; this has not begun to also take into account the role of the followers in terms of the leadership. To understand to a greater extent, the following table provides a clear presentation of the journey from the Great man theory and trait theory to the transformational leadership theory. This

How the social resposibilities of ship management business managershas Essay

How the social resposibilities of ship management business managershas changed - Essay Example Their products must be safe to use and the environment to which the workers operate should also be protective. The ship business management managers have also deviated from that social responsibility embodied by the law to that relates to the people's customs and traditions at large with the sole purpose of providing/doing what the people need. Additionally, the business is now recognizing and appreciating people's human rights in interacting with the community. a) The Employees Employees form a major part of the company stakeholders. Unfortunately, this group is rarely looked into when it cares to awarding of benefits, salary increment as a whole. But the ship management business managers have started showing some form of social responsibility towards its employees in the following manner. (Davis and Blomstrom, 1975) a) Fair recruitment & selection exercise - The business managers have started hiring its workforce based on merit, traits exhibited during interviews etc. All the candidates are subjected to similar interviewing environments with the interviewer asking almost similar questions. There have been changes from; embarrassing questions to fair questions; seriousness to friendliness; general appearance to merit; subjectivity to objectivity. 2 b) Improved conflict management criteria - The managers have moved from competition/ authoritative command of conflict management to accommodating/smoothing style of managing conflicts. Competition/authoritative command is where managers used to be in co-operative but assertive. They used to work against the wishes of the employees, fight to dominate and force things to a favourable conclusion through the exercise of authority or power. The managers therefore achieved... They have a care with regard to ethics and moral responsibilities. The ship management business have moved from the traditional responsibilities of maximizing profits by reducing costs unethically and maximizing their revenues is more people oriented goals.Political systems greatly affect firms operations. The new part will have to cope with government strategies or development plans. Expansions of the new post development may be met with stiff resistance of the local authorities on grounds of different government plans on such expansion areas. In some nations, government set out certain rules and regulations regarding the health and safety of the working environment and the part development will have to adjust accordingly. (Griffin and Mahon, 1997)Influence the operations of the new part development.The interest rates in the economy keep on fluctuating and the new part development must adjust accordingly to this. It also has to adhere to the labour laws that exist in that business i ndustry. The economical situations also influence consumer buying behaviour and their bargaining power. The part development will have to re-adjust more during periods of recession than boom periods. In conclusion it is important for the new part development to understand the external environment to which it operates and adjust accordingly because this might have an effect on its resultant profits.

Contrast the three general approaches to setting prices Essay

Contrast the three general approaches to setting prices - Essay Example The demand for the product would be lesser when the price is kept high, but the revenues could be more because of the high selling price. (Bovay, 2008) There are many instances of new products following the market skimming strategy including Mercedes Benz, Sony High-definition television, Nokia N series cell phones and so on. All these products have one thing in common: they are all high quality products. Setting a high price for a new product could be disastrous for products that do not offer premium quality. As price gives a perception of quality to the consumers, setting a price too low for a high quality product just to make it more affordable, is also not a good strategy. It says to the consumers that the product is not of the premium quality they expected, and deteriorates the brand image of the company. Therefore, market skimming strategy is ideal for cases in which the product is innovative or does not have competition. Also, if the new product is of a strong brand, the company can use premium pricing because the consumers are less likely to switch to another product because of their loyalty with the brand. Apple Computers is an ideal example of such a case. Even though the company has several close competitors that offer the same products with the same specifications, it’s the perception of the brand that lets the company demand a higher price for its products. In contrast to the market skimming pricing, this strategy focuses on attracting a large number of buyers through setting a low price for the product. This pricing strategy is usually adopted when there are a number of sellers in the market and the company wants to penetrate into the market quickly. When the consumers see the low priced product that offers them the same product that other companies are offering, they are attracted towards the low priced one. In this way, the company is able to attract a large

Critiques of TWAIL Perspective and Investment Law

Critiques of TWAIL Perspective and Investment Law CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH TOWARDS INVESTMENT LAW CHALLENGING VIEWS OF THE THIRD WORLD APPROACHES The conventional view in western states among international legal scholars is that no comprehensible or distinctive Third World Approach is apparent in international law. While it remains undeniable that certain reoccurring issues trigger the same response from Third World states[1], per scholars the typical view expressed is that disparate strands do not weave together a sort of pattern.[2] Although they are grouped together beneath Third World rubric, it is a constitution of no more than ad hoc responses to discrete issues. The recognition of the Third World approach to any extent can only be categorised as reactive in nature. This is supported by Wolfgang Friedmann who argues that any difference in the approach taken by underdeveloped countries could be explained in terms of their lack of economic and political clout. Likewise, a couple years later the same perspective is argued that instead of challenging international laws fundamental assumptions, the third world scholars are st ill concerned with the responsiveness of international law focusing in regards to their interest.[3] Western scholars that are even sympathetic towards Third World approaches express similar views. For instance, Richard Falk has claimed that even explicit anti-Western works by third world scholars have been in reliance on western approaches in a moderately non-critical manner. Thus, Falk argues that the emergence of distinctive modes of thought and analysis failed to accompany the process of decolonization, or even to follow upon it.[4] Per Falk third world scholars are inclined to avoid any ideological imprint upon their work, as they want it to work scientific in a Western sense.[5] An analogy is created between third world scholars characteristics and Soviet scholars. Soviet scholars were pragmatically oriented towards enabling Soviet bloc participation in the prevailing debates in Western international law circles.[6] TWAIL scholar B.S Chimni supports Falk critique and argues that TWAIL has been stagnant as a critique instead of proposing practical alternatives to the issue. He makes this criticism clear in a passage from his work: While international lawyers from the Third World have challenged, often with success, Western perceptions of the history and content of international law and pointed to the inequitable nature of the body of rules bequeathed from the past, they have failed to propose and articulate an alternative approach which is inclusive and internally consistent. In fact, the matter has not received sufficient consideration. It is, therefore, not unusual to see a Third World scholar speaking of rejecting rules which are prejudicial to the interests of developing countries embracing a theory of international law and world order which seeks to justify and protect the status quo and has little to say about the developing world. This eventually leads him to assume positions which strengthen that which he had set out to fight.[7] A specific example where this perspective is mainly critiqued is from the failures of the NIEO. It is criticised for lacking breadth and Robert Rothstein claimed that short-sighted stance had been taken hence the reason the regime failed. Rothstein argued that instead of the regime being focused on how to create a clear strategy that will have both western and third world states mutual interests and consensual knowledge and technically sound proposals, the focus was on a strategy of confrontation and a demand for the acceptance pf biased and controversial principles[8] This shows that the TWAIL view is limited and has no practical alternatives to revolutionise the injustice upon third world states. Rather their methods are to flip the legal system and turn it into a bias third world system, which will not therefore lead to any justice and harmony within international law. This supports both Falk and Chimni claim of TWAIL lacking pragmatism and having a positive impact. TWAIL LIMITATION AND MORE CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH TO INVESTMENT REGIME IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Even though the TWAIL critiques has been significant, nonetheless it has been flagged up to have several blind spots.[9] One of the fundamental blind spots flagged is the critique to suggest practical ways to remedy the deficiencies within international law (especially international economic governance). Although jurists do highlight theoretical arguments, it fails to suggest constructive solutions in improving the injustice upon third world states in the international system. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a constructive solution that will also take the third world states interests into account. The desires of the TWAIL perspective should go beyond being a mere instrument of system criticism.[10] It should have the ambition to form a constructive engagement; therefore, it should develop and lay out ideas that could be expressed in practical terms to improve the governance of international investment and economic law.   A key issue developing countries are faced with in international trade has been competitiveness of liberalization.[11] Refers to trade of western countries on preferential terms (PTs) with only chosen developing countries, which is incongruent with GATTs principle of only trading with your most favoured nation. Competitive liberalization is argued to have led to economic success to states such as South Korea (KORUS) and Mexico (NAFTA)[12] who benefited from regional trade agreements (RTA). But this was at the expense of neighbouring states who stayed relatively underdeveloped.[13]Evidentially competitive liberalization has a detrimental impact on other developing states ability to find markets that would give them a competitive and comparative advantage. In this sense TWAIL could be more effective and remedy this issue by spearheading the creation of geographically wider RTAs encompassing regional economic blocs in different parts of the developing world.[14] An example of the possible RTA could be between Economic Community of West African States and Mercado Comà ºn del Sur which would be valuable to both regional blocs. Thus, West African states will be able to supply the cotton, which is in demand in South America, due to the growth of the textile industry, while South Americans vice versa would have a market for electronic goods which is becoming essential in West Africa. This would be an approach that could be implemented to enhance the participation of developing states in international trade. TWAILs concern in the international investment regime is primarily related to the inequality of negotiations within arbitration treaty and International Institutional Agreements. Per TWAIL a practical approach could be implemented on IIAs, for instance with regards to BITs, developing states can create their own models. An example of this is apparent from the SADC (Southern African Development Community) BIT model. SADC BIT model consist of the same characteristics of a traditional BIT, just with the addition of striving more towards an equitable, fair and just participation within the foreign investment regime for third world states. The model is a representation of distinct efforts to enhance a sustainable development dimension of future BITs.[15] Such engagement with the foreign investment regime would create the welcoming environment that developing countries need to enhance participation in the foreign investment regime. Moreover, another unproductive approach from TWAIL within international investment law is the resistance towards investment treaty arbitration. Again, here there is a failure to suggest a constructive approach to rectify this problem that the third world are subject to. As apparent in the case of OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION v REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR, the withdrawal of Ecuador due to its disregard to the unjust manners of the ICSID did not prevent the ICSID from awarding the largest damages to the investors which was a rough total sum of $1.7 billion plus 6% interest.[16] Consequently a more pragmatic approach for developing states is to implement their own arbitration centres equivalent to the AALCCs regional arbitration centres establishment within the African- Asian region.[17] But this should be done wi th a sustained participation within the current system. The establishments of these centres within the Afro-Asian region has been advantageous as it alleviates concerns of developing states in regards to participating in international arbitration. Besides that, it will promote better engagement in the foreign investment regime and facilitate more participation of developing states in the current system. CONCLUSION This chapter shows that there are flaws within the TWAIL theory and it is a critique perspective rather than a constructive one. Perhaps there are aspects of the investment regime that bring injustice within international law but constructive alternatives methods must be suggested to improve the system. This is where the TWAIL theory is limited and other perspectives such as first world scholars should be analysed before a conclusion can be made regarding the international law being unjust. CONCLUSION This thesis has discussed the accuracy of the TWAIL theory that investment regime in international law is used as another tool to support the domination of the Western world. This commenced by dating the emergence of TWAIL back to decolonisation era and ever since the aim of the theory has been to redirect international laws focus to the plight of developing countries.[18] TWAIL focuses on the significant paradigm shift from the historical relevance of the NEC and NIEO approaches to the regime bias. The regime bias theory has been emblematic of the entire system of international law and is even visible in International Institutions such as Arbitration. The regime bias critique illustrates developing countries sceptical attitudes towards the international economic governance which includes both international trade and foreign investment.   This is because, as Shalakany argues s the regime bias in international law empowers the investors, who come off as winners within the syste m at the expense of ignoring the Third Worlds interest. TWAIL argues that the international institutions increases the ideological gap to ensure that there is unequal participation in the system. Corporations being in control of resources in host states already provides constraints on a step towards a just investment regime. This is because it maintains colonial attitude which makes the Third World states passive rather than active participant in the investment regime. Likewise, the International Functioning Institutions have also helped to maintain the dominance of Western States in International Investment by promoting globalization, and making it a mandatory requirement to for Third World States to adopt privatization programmes to create more favourable investment climates for the investors.[19] Nonetheless a fundamental blind spot[20] of TWAIL critiques is that it fails to offer avenues for a constructive engagement of developing countries in the investment regime in international law. TWAILs shortcomings have highlighted the need for a pragmatic solution instead of just being a mere critique[21] tool of the international law regime. It has been criticised for being very repetitive and staying stagnant on the idea of l law responding to Third World interests instead of challenging the fundamental issues in international law. A more pragmatic approach for developing countries in the investment regime is seeking to alleviate their concerns and enhance their participation in the system. This would pave the way for a more constructive engagement of developing countries in the investment regime of international law and will also prevent the domination of the Western States, as the lack of participation is part of what has enabled the First World to be so powerful. I can conclude from this thesis that the investment regime in international law is subtle in the way it suppresses the developing countries and maintains the interests of the developed countries. Therefore, it makes it challenging to argue that the whole regime is unjust. However, although the TWAIL approach is rhetoric[22] in the nature of its arguments, I agree with the view that part of the key issues that supports the domination of Western States is the amount control they have in the key international institutions; for example, US being the largest shareholder in the World Bank. To constructively solve this issue, it could be argued that the starting point should be reconstructing the rules and process making of these institutions, in order for there to be a fair just and balanced participation between the less developed and developed states. There should then consist of a body who makes checks and balances to ensure that no states acts ultra vires. This would lead to an interna tional law that would reject bias and be based on mutual interests. [1] Karin Mickelson Rhetoric and Rage: Third World Voices in International Legal Discourse16 Wis. Intl L.J. 353 1997-1998 p. 353 [2] Karin Mickelson Rhetoric and Rage: Third World Voices in International Legal Discourse 16 Wis. Intl L.J. 353 1997-1998. p. 353 [3] Patricia Buirette-Maurau, La Participation Du Tiers-Monde , A LElaboration Du Droit International (1983)199-202 [4] Richard Falk, Preface to B.S. Chimni, International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches 9, (1993). p.9 [5]Richard Falk, Preface to B.S. Chimni, International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches 9, (1993) p.9 [6] Richard Falk, Preface to B.S. Chimni, International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches 9, (1993) p.9 [7] Richard Falk, Preface to B.S. Chimni, International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches 9, (1993) p19 [8] Robert L. Rothstein, Limits and Possibilities of Weak Theory: Interpreting North-South, 44 J. OF INTL AFFAIRS 159, (1990). p.174 [9] John D. Haskell, TRAIL-ing TWAIL: Arguments and Blind Spots in Third WorldApproaches to International Law (Mississippi College School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 7/2014, 2014) pg.18. [10] Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.15 [11] C. Fred Bergsten Competitive Liberalization and Global Free Trade: A Vision for the Early 21st Century (Peterson Institute: Institute for International Economics. Working Paper 15/1996, 1996) [12] KORUS trade was an agreement between South Korea and US. NAFTA was a trade agreement between Mexico and North America. [13] Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.16 [14] Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.16 [15] Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.16 [16] 2012 ICSID Case No.ARB/06/11 at paras 824-25. [17] R Rajesh Babu, International Commercial Arbitration and the Developing Countries (2006) 4 AALCO Quarterly Bulletin 386, 398. [18] Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.18 [19] Antony Anghie, Time Present and Time Past: Globalization, International Financial Institutions and the Third World. p.256 [20]Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.18 [21] Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.18 [22] Karin Mickelson, Rhetoric and Rage: Third World Voices in International Legal Discourse (1998) 16 Wis. Intl L.J.

The Minimum Wage For Restaurant Workers Must Be Raised Essay -- Argume

"It is but equity...that they who feed, clothe and lodge the whole body of the people, should have such a share of the produce of their own labor as to be themselves tolerably well fed, clothed and lodged." -- Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776 The restaurant server is one of the most popular jobs in the country and according to the National Restaurant Association, currently, 1 in 12 Americans work in the restaurant industry and about 50 percent of all adults have worked in the industry at some point during their lives. The industry is clearly very large with over 13 billion workers, but overall, workers in the industry do not get paid very well. According to the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL), the average annual salary for a server is just over $20,000. In fact, servers are twice as likely to use food stamps as the rest of the U.S. workforce and three times as likely to be living in poverty. The main reason for this is the existence of the tipped minimum wage, which since 1991 has stayed set at $2.13 per hour. Not many people even realize that the tipped minimum wage exists, but according to the DOL, servers in 43 states get paid less than the regular minimum wage hourly based on the assumption that the rest of their wages will come from customer tips. In fact, 22 states pay their tipped workers less than $3 per hour. Although tips can often lead to servers making well over regular minimum wage per hour, overall, tips are very inconsistent and are completely dependent on restaurant customers. Not only does the customer decide how much to tip based on his/her enjoyment of the dining experience, but also servers need busy restaurants in order to make good money. There is an ebb and flow to the restaurant busin... ...y-income-fine-dining-servers-20195.html>. Myotte, Maria. â€Å"Op-Ed: Restaurant Servers Can’t Live on $2.13 an Hour.† Yahoo! News. Yahoo!, 11 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. . National Restaurant Association. 2013 Restaurant Industry Pocket Factbook. Rep. National Restaurant Association, 2013. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. . Nayak, Rajesh, and Paul Sonn. Restoring the Minimum Wage for America’s Tipped Workers. Rep. National Employment Law Project, 2009. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. . U.S. Department of Labor. Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees. Rep. U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division, Dec. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. .

Examples About Different Aspects of Development Can Affect One Another Essay

Below are some examples of how different aspects of development can affect one another: 1. Sebastian is 6 years old and has just moved from Italy and has very poor English. He’s moved to a school where there are only children in the class with good level of English. Sebastian may be scared, confused and anxious about moving to another country with a different language. There will be a language barrier between the other children, the teachers and Sebastian. He may be quiet, subdued and moody and it could affect him in playing and understanding the teacher. Other children may bully him, as he is different from them in language. Language barrier (through a foreign language as their first one) may stop other children from playing or talking to Sebastian. That can lead to lower self esteem and make him feel as an outsider, which may affect his social and behavioural development. 2. Victor is 3,5 years old and he has a newborn baby brother in the family. Before that Victor had full parent’s attention and he doesn’t know how to share feelings and toys. Victor’s mum spends more time with the newborn, so Victor doesn’t understand why he needs to share his mum’s attention with his new brother. As result of that Victor feels let down, angry and isolated which can lead to problems in his emotional, social and behavioural development. This can affect his interaction with other children in the nursery. He will also find it hard to form friendships. The other children may try to avoid Victor because he is unable to share. This may affect Victor’s emotional and social development, as he feels lonely and neglected and even abandoned. 3. Michael is a 13 years old boy who attends secondary school, but he is less developed in reading. When it comes to children having reading time at school, he may feel uncomfortable and unable to form friendships due to  embarrassment and low self-esteem. This will then affect his language and social development. This can cause Michael to feel lonely and angry with himself because he is not at the other children’s level of learning. 4. Brian is 17 years old boy and he has not developed his gross motor skills because of a disability. This can affect his physical, social and intellectual development. He suffers socially as he may not be able to join in activities or sports like other children for example football. He may lack confidence and may not have as many friends. His self-esteem may be low as well. But on the other hand he may spend more time learning and that will positively affect his intellectual development.

Free Essays on Deception By Appearances

Deception by Appearances What you see is not always what you get. Appearances can be deceiving. If one does not logically think about another’s appearance, they can end up with misinterpretations far from the truth. Arthur Conan Doyle noticed this and tries to prove in his story â€Å"The Hound of the Baskervilles† how appearances can be misleading. Appearances can cause someone to overlook the obvious truth. Sneaky behavior confuses logical understanding. The secretive night meetings of Barrymore cloud Watson’s mind with assumptions. Early in the morning, Watson hears footsteps out in the hall and decides to follow the noise. â€Å"A long black shadow was trailing down the corridor†¦ [and] the height told me it was Barrymore, [the caretaker]. There was something indescribably guilty and furtive in his whole appearance† (Doyle 390). Watson watches Barrymore walk to the window and look for someone signaling to him out on the moor and suspects some secretive business happening in the house. When confronted, Barrymore at first denies everything. However, later he bluntly says he will not tell the truth of what is happening because he feels it is not his business to tell. After his wife appears, the truth comes out that her brother is the escaped convict and that they take him food every night. The Barrymore’s insist the men not turn her brother in because t hey believe the convict to be of no harm to the community anymore and because they have made arrangements for her brother to reach freedom in South America. Watson further assumes the Barrymore’s being guilty when he finds out that the couple receives a great sum of money from the late Charles Baskerville. The Barrymore’s are removed from the suspect list after the truth is explained and Watson is left with no leads. Watson must learn that in order to solve the case, it will â€Å"require a mind free from assumptions of comfortable, law-abiding people† (Claus... Free Essays on Deception By Appearances Free Essays on Deception By Appearances Deception by Appearances What you see is not always what you get. Appearances can be deceiving. If one does not logically think about another’s appearance, they can end up with misinterpretations far from the truth. Arthur Conan Doyle noticed this and tries to prove in his story â€Å"The Hound of the Baskervilles† how appearances can be misleading. Appearances can cause someone to overlook the obvious truth. Sneaky behavior confuses logical understanding. The secretive night meetings of Barrymore cloud Watson’s mind with assumptions. Early in the morning, Watson hears footsteps out in the hall and decides to follow the noise. â€Å"A long black shadow was trailing down the corridor†¦ [and] the height told me it was Barrymore, [the caretaker]. There was something indescribably guilty and furtive in his whole appearance† (Doyle 390). Watson watches Barrymore walk to the window and look for someone signaling to him out on the moor and suspects some secretive business happening in the house. When confronted, Barrymore at first denies everything. However, later he bluntly says he will not tell the truth of what is happening because he feels it is not his business to tell. After his wife appears, the truth comes out that her brother is the escaped convict and that they take him food every night. The Barrymore’s insist the men not turn her brother in because t hey believe the convict to be of no harm to the community anymore and because they have made arrangements for her brother to reach freedom in South America. Watson further assumes the Barrymore’s being guilty when he finds out that the couple receives a great sum of money from the late Charles Baskerville. The Barrymore’s are removed from the suspect list after the truth is explained and Watson is left with no leads. Watson must learn that in order to solve the case, it will â€Å"require a mind free from assumptions of comfortable, law-abiding people† (Claus...

Chris McCandless Essays

Chris McCandless Essays Chris McCandless Paper Chris McCandless Paper Chris Mishandles was an exceptional young man who lived life by the beat of his own drum but all that changed when his young life was cut short. Though his life ended, his story lives on forever. Jon Into the Wild Is Chris living legacy: the book examines life as well as revealing his struggles with his parents, his adventures with the people he meets, and the hardships he faces in Alaska. Chris Mishandles lived life as a modern day nomad; he would hitch hike all around the country to escape from the mundane. Some would consider his controversial lifestyle as an?f?-eve and stupid while others admire his Idealism and passion for life. Fife was ultimately a success. Even though at times he exercised bad Judgment and rejected the help others offered, he accomplished his goal and came to an important conclusion. Uses this final trip to relieve himself of any frustrations he has with society and a religious a experience, some would say. Chris came to the Alaskan wilderness to find life, but ironically turned out to be his ultimate demise. Krause reveals deep love and compassion for others. Growing up, it was clear that Chris was a very compassionate child. One Christmas sister, Caring, got a dog from their parents. Although the dog belonged o Caring, Chris treated him as though he were his dog. The two were thick as thieves. Caring even said that if Chris would have brought the dog on his trip then maybe Chris would still be alive because Chris would never put their dog in a dangerous situation. Chris grew from a compassionate child Into a semi-radical college student In college he took courses about Injustices against people from Third World countries and often spoke out against corruption all over the world whether it be politics to animal rights. He would sometimes go as far as bashing politics in the Emory Wheel, lampooned Jimmy Carter and Joe Bidden, called the assignation of Attorney General Edwin Mess, lambasted Bible-thumper of the Christian right, urged vigilance against the Soviet threat, castigated the Japanese for hunting whales, and defended Jesse Jackson as a viable presidential candidate. ? c,-?L] (123)* one thing that really got under skin was the fact that people were still going hungry and dying from things like malnutrition. His mother remembers him speaking about how incredibly beefed he was about people could possibly be allowed to go hungry, especially in (1 Not only did Chris love people, but people reciprocated the love back. Chris made people feel so comfortable around him that whenever he was traveling and needed a place to stay It was almost guaranteed that someone would offer him a place to stay. He had a very magnetic personality, from what the book describes. People were pulled by his charming personality ever since he was young an eight-year- old, he grew vegetables behind the house in Amendable and then sold them door-to- door around the . The time he came home, the wagon would be empty, and have a bunch of money In his hand. ? (116)* On his Journeys Chris met countless people and all of those people were touched Day snarls In one way or another. Can person en met Decade apart of his surrogate family. Jan Burses and her husband spoke so fondly of Mishandles and were very keen on hearing from him. Another person that Mishandles touched was Ronald Franz, an elderly man who lost his family in an accident. He fell so in love with Mishandles that he even offered to him, if [Chris] would be [his] grandson. ?C,-1?0 (55)* Anyone that came into contact with Chris could see his blatant charm. Though Chris genuinely cared for others he also had another side; a more reserved side. In high school he was quite outgoing, most people only had nice things to say about him. Though there were some people who saw darker side. One of cross country teammates recalls that Chris would get extremely upset when he would do poorly at a meet. He never showed his anger but instead Just kept it inside. There would be times were Chris would Just keep to himself. His sister remembers, was very to himself. He was? always had friends, and everybody liked ? ¬but he could go off and entertain himself for hours. He need tots or friends. He could be alone without being (107)* In college he became more introverted. He began to live a more ascetic lifestyle and stopped contacting his rinds. One of his college friends recalls that he went to visit Chris and to see how he was doing but when he stepped into his apartment he was shocked to see that his apartment was very bare. It only had a mattress and a few milk crates. Chris was going through somewhat of a crisis during this point of his life. The revelation of his affair surfaced and he increasingly grew more and more upset with how society operated. It were situations such as those that drove Chris into the wild. He looked at the Alaskan wilderness as something like a sanctuary to find himself, answers, and maybe even God. For the most part I feel that Chris found what he was looking for. He realized what the genuine meaning of happiness was, only real when shared?C,-1?0 (189)* I feel that if he would have come out of the wilderness he would have came out a better man for himself, his friends, and most importantly his family. I feel that Chris did the right thing but it was Just a shame that it had to end that way. Life can become so chaotic that sometimes it would be nice to run away from it all. I have actually learned that with the stresses of college and the fast pace of life, things can quickly spiral out of control. For most people, our lives now have become so consumed with work, work, and more work that people forget the true essence of life. People go to work and kill themselves little by little for some Jobs that are not even worth it, Christopher Mishandles saw this and decided to do what most people only dream of. Just recently I had a similar break through like Chris and decided to get lost in San Francisco. It was one of the most rewarding experiences I have ever had I remembered what it was like to be happy again and to not worry about anything. I gained great insight about myself and life even if my trip the was only for one day.

A System Approach To Small Group Interaction Essay

A System Approach To Small Group Interaction - Essay Example It is essential for group members to communicate openly and freely with all the other group members. Once that in place the group will be able to develop norms about matters to be discussed and members will be in a position to develop rules which will intern affect the group interaction. There must be a common goal or purpose being pursued, and they must work together to achieve that goal. This is because; the goal will bring the group together and will hold it through tensions and conflict moments (Stewart, 162). Sharing of ideas is very important since one is able to learn new things and expound on his or her knowledge as well as making appropriate decisions that are wisely discussed for the benefit of the organization. Communication is a very complex ongoing process that brings people into contact globally. Often, it is perceived as a straight forward exchange of massages between the speaker and the listener, i.e. the most important channel of passing information. There are various types of communication and social factors that influence the entire process. Some of them are: Intentional and unintentional, verbal and nonverbal, defensive and supportive among others (Stewart, 164). Most people would prefer to receive information that is cognitive with their personal indulgent as opposed to cognitive dissonance which is totally inconsistent to one’s understanding of the ideas. Groups can either be big or small depending on the task bestowed on it as well as the nature of the organization that formed such a group. For any group to be more productive and achieve its objective, it is very important that all members work jointly, rather than being independent (Stewart, 168). Despite having different backgrounds, personalities, values, thoughts, and knowledge, it is better for everyone to make sure that he or she makes a significant contribution to the group. A well-structured group aimed at achieving its goal should be able to allow its members to voice their opinions and mind without undermining or criticizing their opinions.  

Super sleuth supermarket observation study Essay

Super sleuth supermarket observation study - Essay Example Tesco possess a wide portfolio of its store which includes: Tesco super store, Tesco Store, Tesco extra, Tesco metro. All this stores provides good service and excellent value to its customers. The difficulties that Tesco faced previously were due to low price inflation for food, less growth in population, difficulty in getting permission for setting the supermarket, saturated market and also competition. But today Tesco is considered as an example and treated as a model for supermarket across the world. According to the survey conducted on a weekend in Tesco store it was found that people of all age visit Tesco. But customer in the age band 20-45 years is found more as compared to customer falling in other age band. Both male and female customer was found on the store but as compared to male, female customers was more in number. Jaguar and Rover was found more in number in the parking space of the store. They mainly preferred casual. The store was crowded as it was a weekend therefore the store was more crowded as compared to other weekdays. The research was conducted in the evening which is the peak time in the weekend. The customers were checking the items of the list. The impulse item of Tesco was confectionary. More than 50 % of the crowd of the store was found at the confectionary division of the store. (RÃ ¼ther 32) While conducting a market survey it was revealed that a customer purchased Tesco extra large code fillets batter. The customer was so happy and overwhelmed when she came home and opens the pack. She was so excited and satisfied that she recommended to her friends relatives and other family members. In another case it was found that a customer who took his daughter for a lunch at Tesco and ordered for sandwich which they prefer to have whenever they come to Tesco. But when the sandwich was served it was found that the quality has degraded and the ingredient that was stuffed inside the sandwich was of low quality. But with

Cross-Cultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Cross-Cultural Management - Essay Example However, it has also brought in certain major challenges for these organisations to succeed in the global arena. There are various determinants for international business that restrict the organisational capabilities to avail opportunities internationally. One of the major determinants that many experts have considered is the cross-cultural aspects of the international business. Cultural differences are often very difficult to observe and measure while failure to understand the culture may have intensified effects on the business organisation that can reduce the business performance (Ghemawat & Reiche, 2011). The poor understanding of cross culture has a radical influence on the business process as well as on the management as it may increase the propensity towards committing business blunders. Notably, the success or the failure of business greatly relies on the performance of human resources within organisations. Consequently, the limitation of certain understandings such language, business etiquette, norms and values by the human resources in an organisation at international level has often collapsed many business organisations (The Culturosity Group, LLC, 2004) Overview of the Airbus Consortium Airbus is a subsidiary company of Netherlands based European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADS) with its headquarter located in Toulouse, France and the ingenuity of major European countries including France, Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom is combined to create a giant company to compete with other major companies such as Boeing of the United States. The consortium is a key manufacturer of military airlifters as well as commercial jetliners, continuously involved since previous 40 years (Airbus S.A.S., 2012). Airbus operates globally and creates value for its widespread customers and shareholders. The company employs more than 55,000 personnel from in excess of 100 nationalities around the world. The company’s operations greatly rely on industr ial cooperation as well as on partnership with world’s a few of the major companies. The company has more than 1500 suppliers spread over 30 countries. Its success is attributed to a mix of ideas, vision and knowledge such as a combination of diverse cultures in its work process. The company with its global presence and expanding business operations has now become an international family (Airbus S. A. S., 2012). Source: (Observatory of Sustainability in Aviation, 2012) Cross-Cultural Issues Faced By the Airbus Consortium Airbus consortium is a multi-national company which has workforce from all around the world. However, the company has always been cautious and has respected diversity and business ethics within the organisation. The company continuously strives to seek opportunities in order to reap the benefits provided by culturally diverse workforce committed towards accomplishing the organisational goals. The company with its multi-culture team ensures that it is efficien t to understand the various needs of its diverse customers, stakeholders and

Resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

Resistance of a wire Essay We undertook an experiment to find the relationship between resistance and a length of wire. Equipment: Variable resister, Wire 1m long, Digital voltmeter, Digital ammeter, 4 X 1. 5 cell, 1m ruler, Connecting wires. Method We collected our equipment needed and set it out as the circuit diagram below. I started by drawing out my results table to record my results on. The headers for the columns where as follows: Length (cm), Current (A), Potential difference (V) and Resistance (I). At every 10cm we took a reading and entered it into our table. Some flickered between two values so I took both down. Starting at 1m and working down. On the second experiment I started at 10cm and worked the other way to see whether it affected the results. When using the variable resistor we kept it on the minimum resistance throughout the experiment. While taking the results we had more than one result for the current and potential difference, which in turn caused some results to have more than one resistance value. Because of this I had to alter our table slightly during the experiment to ensure we took down all the results. To ensure the test was as fair as possible I repeated the test to ensure the experiment was fair and true. Looking at my results in the table they are very similar which proves that it was fair. Results These tables show my results from the experiment and the sum for: V I R First experiment: Length (cm) Current (A) Second reading for (A) Potential difference (V) Resistance ? (I) Second result for (I). Second experiment: Length (cm) Current (A) Second reading for (A) Potential difference (V) Second result for (V) Resistance ? (I) Second result for (I) Third result for (I) Fourth result for (I) I have drawn graphs for these results: see appendix a and b. Analysis My results show that the resistant relates to the length of the wire used. As the current increases the potential difference does and the resistance decreases. As the length of wire is reduced the potential difference reduces and so does the current. There is a slight difference between our first and second experiment. Both graphs show that there is a definite pattern but there are some anomalies. The anomalies seem to be separate from the other results. But this anomaly happened on both experiments on 60cm. There may be some other reason for this. I cannot see why it should happen on both sets of results at the same measurement. Both graphs are similar and follow a very similar line. Graph A shows quite a straight line with only one less extreme anomaly where as graph B show a reasonably straight line with one major anomaly which stand out considerable from the rest. On both graphs the results take a wavelike form rather than a straight line. The results do to an extent follow Ohms law. On graph A, 4 of the plots run on the same line, which agrees with Ohms law, and graph B 4 plots do the same. The second graph started at a lower current and potential difference but I think it should be higher because of the use of the wire before which could have increased the temperature. On the second experiment there was more flickering on the ammeter and voltmeter, which caused the increase in the results. Although the flickering occurred it was constant. On table 1 the potential difference decreased in shorter stages that table 2. When plotting my results on a graph I had to take an average from my results. Conclusion Current id the flow of electrons around the circuit this is pushed by voltage. The resistance tries to oppose it. This is apparent from looking at our experiment results. The resistance stays constant as long as the component does not change its physical condition i. e. The wire does not get hot. George ohm was the first scientist to investigate this theory. The resistance is measured in Ohms Resistance at a constant temperature is proportional to potential difference. The relative size of the voltage and resistance decides how bit the current will be. By increasing the voltage more current will flow but by increasing the resistance the current is less. This is shown in our results. Our results agree with the theory. 100cm of wire = little current but a lot of P. D = lots of resistance 10cm of wire = lots of current but little P. D = little resistance This shows the longer the piece of wire the more resistance Wires of different material have different resistance: Copper wire I Steel wire V The graph shows above that cooper wire has a low resistance and is a good conductor. Steel has a higher resistance and a lower conductivity. Both wires have the same potential difference (voltage) across them. Wire A. I Wire B Wire C V As you can see above different wires have different resistance. Evaluation There were a few problems that occurred in our experiment such as the flickering of the ammeter and voltmeter, which caused us to have to take more than one result. On both graphs there was an anomaly on 60 cm. There may be some other reason for this. Both graphs are very similar and follow a very similar line. Graph A shows quite a straight line with only one anomaly where as graph B show a straight line with one major anomaly which stand out considerable from the rest. On 60cm the potential difference increased on both sets of results. The temperature of the wire was not taken to see whether it had increased in temperature during the experiment. It does not show increased resistance on the second table, which was taken straight after the first experiment, which could have affected it. By taking the temperature of the wire on the same resistance for a period of time we could see how long it takes for the temperature to increase and in turn for the resistance to increase. This could help with evaluating our results and also time the experiment to see how long the wire had current flowing through it and then if it had increased in temperature. The results are reasonably reliable because the do to an extent obey Ohms law. I think the reason for the unreliability could have been because the wire had changed its physical condition (got hotter). To further our investigation we could go on and use a longer piece of wire 2m and also use different types of wire such as steel and copper. Change the temperature of the wire because wire that is colder is a better conductor. I believe our results were reliable but need improving by the suggestions I have given above. Bibliography Hodder and Stoughton AQA GCSE Physics Class notes   CPG Revision and Practice Guide Alison Eatock GCSE Physics 30/11/03 Resistance of a wire 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.