Critiques of TWAIL Perspective and Investment Law

Critiques of TWAIL Perspective and Investment Law CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH TOWARDS INVESTMENT LAW CHALLENGING VIEWS OF THE THIRD WORLD APPROACHES The conventional view in western states among international legal scholars is that no comprehensible or distinctive Third World Approach is apparent in international law. While it remains undeniable that certain reoccurring issues trigger the same response from Third World states[1], per scholars the typical view expressed is that disparate strands do not weave together a sort of pattern.[2] Although they are grouped together beneath Third World rubric, it is a constitution of no more than ad hoc responses to discrete issues. The recognition of the Third World approach to any extent can only be categorised as reactive in nature. This is supported by Wolfgang Friedmann who argues that any difference in the approach taken by underdeveloped countries could be explained in terms of their lack of economic and political clout. Likewise, a couple years later the same perspective is argued that instead of challenging international laws fundamental assumptions, the third world scholars are st ill concerned with the responsiveness of international law focusing in regards to their interest.[3] Western scholars that are even sympathetic towards Third World approaches express similar views. For instance, Richard Falk has claimed that even explicit anti-Western works by third world scholars have been in reliance on western approaches in a moderately non-critical manner. Thus, Falk argues that the emergence of distinctive modes of thought and analysis failed to accompany the process of decolonization, or even to follow upon it.[4] Per Falk third world scholars are inclined to avoid any ideological imprint upon their work, as they want it to work scientific in a Western sense.[5] An analogy is created between third world scholars characteristics and Soviet scholars. Soviet scholars were pragmatically oriented towards enabling Soviet bloc participation in the prevailing debates in Western international law circles.[6] TWAIL scholar B.S Chimni supports Falk critique and argues that TWAIL has been stagnant as a critique instead of proposing practical alternatives to the issue. He makes this criticism clear in a passage from his work: While international lawyers from the Third World have challenged, often with success, Western perceptions of the history and content of international law and pointed to the inequitable nature of the body of rules bequeathed from the past, they have failed to propose and articulate an alternative approach which is inclusive and internally consistent. In fact, the matter has not received sufficient consideration. It is, therefore, not unusual to see a Third World scholar speaking of rejecting rules which are prejudicial to the interests of developing countries embracing a theory of international law and world order which seeks to justify and protect the status quo and has little to say about the developing world. This eventually leads him to assume positions which strengthen that which he had set out to fight.[7] A specific example where this perspective is mainly critiqued is from the failures of the NIEO. It is criticised for lacking breadth and Robert Rothstein claimed that short-sighted stance had been taken hence the reason the regime failed. Rothstein argued that instead of the regime being focused on how to create a clear strategy that will have both western and third world states mutual interests and consensual knowledge and technically sound proposals, the focus was on a strategy of confrontation and a demand for the acceptance pf biased and controversial principles[8] This shows that the TWAIL view is limited and has no practical alternatives to revolutionise the injustice upon third world states. Rather their methods are to flip the legal system and turn it into a bias third world system, which will not therefore lead to any justice and harmony within international law. This supports both Falk and Chimni claim of TWAIL lacking pragmatism and having a positive impact. TWAIL LIMITATION AND MORE CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH TO INVESTMENT REGIME IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Even though the TWAIL critiques has been significant, nonetheless it has been flagged up to have several blind spots.[9] One of the fundamental blind spots flagged is the critique to suggest practical ways to remedy the deficiencies within international law (especially international economic governance). Although jurists do highlight theoretical arguments, it fails to suggest constructive solutions in improving the injustice upon third world states in the international system. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a constructive solution that will also take the third world states interests into account. The desires of the TWAIL perspective should go beyond being a mere instrument of system criticism.[10] It should have the ambition to form a constructive engagement; therefore, it should develop and lay out ideas that could be expressed in practical terms to improve the governance of international investment and economic law.   A key issue developing countries are faced with in international trade has been competitiveness of liberalization.[11] Refers to trade of western countries on preferential terms (PTs) with only chosen developing countries, which is incongruent with GATTs principle of only trading with your most favoured nation. Competitive liberalization is argued to have led to economic success to states such as South Korea (KORUS) and Mexico (NAFTA)[12] who benefited from regional trade agreements (RTA). But this was at the expense of neighbouring states who stayed relatively underdeveloped.[13]Evidentially competitive liberalization has a detrimental impact on other developing states ability to find markets that would give them a competitive and comparative advantage. In this sense TWAIL could be more effective and remedy this issue by spearheading the creation of geographically wider RTAs encompassing regional economic blocs in different parts of the developing world.[14] An example of the possible RTA could be between Economic Community of West African States and Mercado Comà ºn del Sur which would be valuable to both regional blocs. Thus, West African states will be able to supply the cotton, which is in demand in South America, due to the growth of the textile industry, while South Americans vice versa would have a market for electronic goods which is becoming essential in West Africa. This would be an approach that could be implemented to enhance the participation of developing states in international trade. TWAILs concern in the international investment regime is primarily related to the inequality of negotiations within arbitration treaty and International Institutional Agreements. Per TWAIL a practical approach could be implemented on IIAs, for instance with regards to BITs, developing states can create their own models. An example of this is apparent from the SADC (Southern African Development Community) BIT model. SADC BIT model consist of the same characteristics of a traditional BIT, just with the addition of striving more towards an equitable, fair and just participation within the foreign investment regime for third world states. The model is a representation of distinct efforts to enhance a sustainable development dimension of future BITs.[15] Such engagement with the foreign investment regime would create the welcoming environment that developing countries need to enhance participation in the foreign investment regime. Moreover, another unproductive approach from TWAIL within international investment law is the resistance towards investment treaty arbitration. Again, here there is a failure to suggest a constructive approach to rectify this problem that the third world are subject to. As apparent in the case of OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION v REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR, the withdrawal of Ecuador due to its disregard to the unjust manners of the ICSID did not prevent the ICSID from awarding the largest damages to the investors which was a rough total sum of $1.7 billion plus 6% interest.[16] Consequently a more pragmatic approach for developing states is to implement their own arbitration centres equivalent to the AALCCs regional arbitration centres establishment within the African- Asian region.[17] But this should be done wi th a sustained participation within the current system. The establishments of these centres within the Afro-Asian region has been advantageous as it alleviates concerns of developing states in regards to participating in international arbitration. Besides that, it will promote better engagement in the foreign investment regime and facilitate more participation of developing states in the current system. CONCLUSION This chapter shows that there are flaws within the TWAIL theory and it is a critique perspective rather than a constructive one. Perhaps there are aspects of the investment regime that bring injustice within international law but constructive alternatives methods must be suggested to improve the system. This is where the TWAIL theory is limited and other perspectives such as first world scholars should be analysed before a conclusion can be made regarding the international law being unjust. CONCLUSION This thesis has discussed the accuracy of the TWAIL theory that investment regime in international law is used as another tool to support the domination of the Western world. This commenced by dating the emergence of TWAIL back to decolonisation era and ever since the aim of the theory has been to redirect international laws focus to the plight of developing countries.[18] TWAIL focuses on the significant paradigm shift from the historical relevance of the NEC and NIEO approaches to the regime bias. The regime bias theory has been emblematic of the entire system of international law and is even visible in International Institutions such as Arbitration. The regime bias critique illustrates developing countries sceptical attitudes towards the international economic governance which includes both international trade and foreign investment.   This is because, as Shalakany argues s the regime bias in international law empowers the investors, who come off as winners within the syste m at the expense of ignoring the Third Worlds interest. TWAIL argues that the international institutions increases the ideological gap to ensure that there is unequal participation in the system. Corporations being in control of resources in host states already provides constraints on a step towards a just investment regime. This is because it maintains colonial attitude which makes the Third World states passive rather than active participant in the investment regime. Likewise, the International Functioning Institutions have also helped to maintain the dominance of Western States in International Investment by promoting globalization, and making it a mandatory requirement to for Third World States to adopt privatization programmes to create more favourable investment climates for the investors.[19] Nonetheless a fundamental blind spot[20] of TWAIL critiques is that it fails to offer avenues for a constructive engagement of developing countries in the investment regime in international law. TWAILs shortcomings have highlighted the need for a pragmatic solution instead of just being a mere critique[21] tool of the international law regime. It has been criticised for being very repetitive and staying stagnant on the idea of l law responding to Third World interests instead of challenging the fundamental issues in international law. A more pragmatic approach for developing countries in the investment regime is seeking to alleviate their concerns and enhance their participation in the system. This would pave the way for a more constructive engagement of developing countries in the investment regime of international law and will also prevent the domination of the Western States, as the lack of participation is part of what has enabled the First World to be so powerful. I can conclude from this thesis that the investment regime in international law is subtle in the way it suppresses the developing countries and maintains the interests of the developed countries. Therefore, it makes it challenging to argue that the whole regime is unjust. However, although the TWAIL approach is rhetoric[22] in the nature of its arguments, I agree with the view that part of the key issues that supports the domination of Western States is the amount control they have in the key international institutions; for example, US being the largest shareholder in the World Bank. To constructively solve this issue, it could be argued that the starting point should be reconstructing the rules and process making of these institutions, in order for there to be a fair just and balanced participation between the less developed and developed states. There should then consist of a body who makes checks and balances to ensure that no states acts ultra vires. This would lead to an interna tional law that would reject bias and be based on mutual interests. [1] Karin Mickelson Rhetoric and Rage: Third World Voices in International Legal Discourse16 Wis. Intl L.J. 353 1997-1998 p. 353 [2] Karin Mickelson Rhetoric and Rage: Third World Voices in International Legal Discourse 16 Wis. Intl L.J. 353 1997-1998. p. 353 [3] Patricia Buirette-Maurau, La Participation Du Tiers-Monde , A LElaboration Du Droit International (1983)199-202 [4] Richard Falk, Preface to B.S. Chimni, International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches 9, (1993). p.9 [5]Richard Falk, Preface to B.S. Chimni, International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches 9, (1993) p.9 [6] Richard Falk, Preface to B.S. Chimni, International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches 9, (1993) p.9 [7] Richard Falk, Preface to B.S. Chimni, International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches 9, (1993) p19 [8] Robert L. Rothstein, Limits and Possibilities of Weak Theory: Interpreting North-South, 44 J. OF INTL AFFAIRS 159, (1990). p.174 [9] John D. Haskell, TRAIL-ing TWAIL: Arguments and Blind Spots in Third WorldApproaches to International Law (Mississippi College School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 7/2014, 2014) pg.18. [10] Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.15 [11] C. Fred Bergsten Competitive Liberalization and Global Free Trade: A Vision for the Early 21st Century (Peterson Institute: Institute for International Economics. Working Paper 15/1996, 1996) [12] KORUS trade was an agreement between South Korea and US. NAFTA was a trade agreement between Mexico and North America. [13] Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.16 [14] Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.16 [15] Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.16 [16] 2012 ICSID Case No.ARB/06/11 at paras 824-25. [17] R Rajesh Babu, International Commercial Arbitration and the Developing Countries (2006) 4 AALCO Quarterly Bulletin 386, 398. [18] Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.18 [19] Antony Anghie, Time Present and Time Past: Globalization, International Financial Institutions and the Third World. p.256 [20]Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.18 [21] Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots: A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.18 [22] Karin Mickelson, Rhetoric and Rage: Third World Voices in International Legal Discourse (1998) 16 Wis. Intl L.J.

The Minimum Wage For Restaurant Workers Must Be Raised Essay -- Argume

"It is but equity...that they who feed, clothe and lodge the whole body of the people, should have such a share of the produce of their own labor as to be themselves tolerably well fed, clothed and lodged." -- Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776 The restaurant server is one of the most popular jobs in the country and according to the National Restaurant Association, currently, 1 in 12 Americans work in the restaurant industry and about 50 percent of all adults have worked in the industry at some point during their lives. The industry is clearly very large with over 13 billion workers, but overall, workers in the industry do not get paid very well. According to the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL), the average annual salary for a server is just over $20,000. In fact, servers are twice as likely to use food stamps as the rest of the U.S. workforce and three times as likely to be living in poverty. The main reason for this is the existence of the tipped minimum wage, which since 1991 has stayed set at $2.13 per hour. Not many people even realize that the tipped minimum wage exists, but according to the DOL, servers in 43 states get paid less than the regular minimum wage hourly based on the assumption that the rest of their wages will come from customer tips. In fact, 22 states pay their tipped workers less than $3 per hour. Although tips can often lead to servers making well over regular minimum wage per hour, overall, tips are very inconsistent and are completely dependent on restaurant customers. Not only does the customer decide how much to tip based on his/her enjoyment of the dining experience, but also servers need busy restaurants in order to make good money. There is an ebb and flow to the restaurant busin... ...y-income-fine-dining-servers-20195.html>. Myotte, Maria. â€Å"Op-Ed: Restaurant Servers Can’t Live on $2.13 an Hour.† Yahoo! News. Yahoo!, 11 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. . National Restaurant Association. 2013 Restaurant Industry Pocket Factbook. Rep. National Restaurant Association, 2013. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. . Nayak, Rajesh, and Paul Sonn. Restoring the Minimum Wage for America’s Tipped Workers. Rep. National Employment Law Project, 2009. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. . U.S. Department of Labor. Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees. Rep. U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division, Dec. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. .

Examples About Different Aspects of Development Can Affect One Another Essay

Below are some examples of how different aspects of development can affect one another: 1. Sebastian is 6 years old and has just moved from Italy and has very poor English. He’s moved to a school where there are only children in the class with good level of English. Sebastian may be scared, confused and anxious about moving to another country with a different language. There will be a language barrier between the other children, the teachers and Sebastian. He may be quiet, subdued and moody and it could affect him in playing and understanding the teacher. Other children may bully him, as he is different from them in language. Language barrier (through a foreign language as their first one) may stop other children from playing or talking to Sebastian. That can lead to lower self esteem and make him feel as an outsider, which may affect his social and behavioural development. 2. Victor is 3,5 years old and he has a newborn baby brother in the family. Before that Victor had full parent’s attention and he doesn’t know how to share feelings and toys. Victor’s mum spends more time with the newborn, so Victor doesn’t understand why he needs to share his mum’s attention with his new brother. As result of that Victor feels let down, angry and isolated which can lead to problems in his emotional, social and behavioural development. This can affect his interaction with other children in the nursery. He will also find it hard to form friendships. The other children may try to avoid Victor because he is unable to share. This may affect Victor’s emotional and social development, as he feels lonely and neglected and even abandoned. 3. Michael is a 13 years old boy who attends secondary school, but he is less developed in reading. When it comes to children having reading time at school, he may feel uncomfortable and unable to form friendships due to  embarrassment and low self-esteem. This will then affect his language and social development. This can cause Michael to feel lonely and angry with himself because he is not at the other children’s level of learning. 4. Brian is 17 years old boy and he has not developed his gross motor skills because of a disability. This can affect his physical, social and intellectual development. He suffers socially as he may not be able to join in activities or sports like other children for example football. He may lack confidence and may not have as many friends. His self-esteem may be low as well. But on the other hand he may spend more time learning and that will positively affect his intellectual development.

Free Essays on Deception By Appearances

Deception by Appearances What you see is not always what you get. Appearances can be deceiving. If one does not logically think about another’s appearance, they can end up with misinterpretations far from the truth. Arthur Conan Doyle noticed this and tries to prove in his story â€Å"The Hound of the Baskervilles† how appearances can be misleading. Appearances can cause someone to overlook the obvious truth. Sneaky behavior confuses logical understanding. The secretive night meetings of Barrymore cloud Watson’s mind with assumptions. Early in the morning, Watson hears footsteps out in the hall and decides to follow the noise. â€Å"A long black shadow was trailing down the corridor†¦ [and] the height told me it was Barrymore, [the caretaker]. There was something indescribably guilty and furtive in his whole appearance† (Doyle 390). Watson watches Barrymore walk to the window and look for someone signaling to him out on the moor and suspects some secretive business happening in the house. When confronted, Barrymore at first denies everything. However, later he bluntly says he will not tell the truth of what is happening because he feels it is not his business to tell. After his wife appears, the truth comes out that her brother is the escaped convict and that they take him food every night. The Barrymore’s insist the men not turn her brother in because t hey believe the convict to be of no harm to the community anymore and because they have made arrangements for her brother to reach freedom in South America. Watson further assumes the Barrymore’s being guilty when he finds out that the couple receives a great sum of money from the late Charles Baskerville. The Barrymore’s are removed from the suspect list after the truth is explained and Watson is left with no leads. Watson must learn that in order to solve the case, it will â€Å"require a mind free from assumptions of comfortable, law-abiding people† (Claus... Free Essays on Deception By Appearances Free Essays on Deception By Appearances Deception by Appearances What you see is not always what you get. Appearances can be deceiving. If one does not logically think about another’s appearance, they can end up with misinterpretations far from the truth. Arthur Conan Doyle noticed this and tries to prove in his story â€Å"The Hound of the Baskervilles† how appearances can be misleading. Appearances can cause someone to overlook the obvious truth. Sneaky behavior confuses logical understanding. The secretive night meetings of Barrymore cloud Watson’s mind with assumptions. Early in the morning, Watson hears footsteps out in the hall and decides to follow the noise. â€Å"A long black shadow was trailing down the corridor†¦ [and] the height told me it was Barrymore, [the caretaker]. There was something indescribably guilty and furtive in his whole appearance† (Doyle 390). Watson watches Barrymore walk to the window and look for someone signaling to him out on the moor and suspects some secretive business happening in the house. When confronted, Barrymore at first denies everything. However, later he bluntly says he will not tell the truth of what is happening because he feels it is not his business to tell. After his wife appears, the truth comes out that her brother is the escaped convict and that they take him food every night. The Barrymore’s insist the men not turn her brother in because t hey believe the convict to be of no harm to the community anymore and because they have made arrangements for her brother to reach freedom in South America. Watson further assumes the Barrymore’s being guilty when he finds out that the couple receives a great sum of money from the late Charles Baskerville. The Barrymore’s are removed from the suspect list after the truth is explained and Watson is left with no leads. Watson must learn that in order to solve the case, it will â€Å"require a mind free from assumptions of comfortable, law-abiding people† (Claus...

Chris McCandless Essays

Chris McCandless Essays Chris McCandless Paper Chris McCandless Paper Chris Mishandles was an exceptional young man who lived life by the beat of his own drum but all that changed when his young life was cut short. Though his life ended, his story lives on forever. Jon Into the Wild Is Chris living legacy: the book examines life as well as revealing his struggles with his parents, his adventures with the people he meets, and the hardships he faces in Alaska. Chris Mishandles lived life as a modern day nomad; he would hitch hike all around the country to escape from the mundane. Some would consider his controversial lifestyle as an?f?-eve and stupid while others admire his Idealism and passion for life. Fife was ultimately a success. Even though at times he exercised bad Judgment and rejected the help others offered, he accomplished his goal and came to an important conclusion. Uses this final trip to relieve himself of any frustrations he has with society and a religious a experience, some would say. Chris came to the Alaskan wilderness to find life, but ironically turned out to be his ultimate demise. Krause reveals deep love and compassion for others. Growing up, it was clear that Chris was a very compassionate child. One Christmas sister, Caring, got a dog from their parents. Although the dog belonged o Caring, Chris treated him as though he were his dog. The two were thick as thieves. Caring even said that if Chris would have brought the dog on his trip then maybe Chris would still be alive because Chris would never put their dog in a dangerous situation. Chris grew from a compassionate child Into a semi-radical college student In college he took courses about Injustices against people from Third World countries and often spoke out against corruption all over the world whether it be politics to animal rights. He would sometimes go as far as bashing politics in the Emory Wheel, lampooned Jimmy Carter and Joe Bidden, called the assignation of Attorney General Edwin Mess, lambasted Bible-thumper of the Christian right, urged vigilance against the Soviet threat, castigated the Japanese for hunting whales, and defended Jesse Jackson as a viable presidential candidate. ? c,-?L] (123)* one thing that really got under skin was the fact that people were still going hungry and dying from things like malnutrition. His mother remembers him speaking about how incredibly beefed he was about people could possibly be allowed to go hungry, especially in (1 Not only did Chris love people, but people reciprocated the love back. Chris made people feel so comfortable around him that whenever he was traveling and needed a place to stay It was almost guaranteed that someone would offer him a place to stay. He had a very magnetic personality, from what the book describes. People were pulled by his charming personality ever since he was young an eight-year- old, he grew vegetables behind the house in Amendable and then sold them door-to- door around the . The time he came home, the wagon would be empty, and have a bunch of money In his hand. ? (116)* On his Journeys Chris met countless people and all of those people were touched Day snarls In one way or another. Can person en met Decade apart of his surrogate family. Jan Burses and her husband spoke so fondly of Mishandles and were very keen on hearing from him. Another person that Mishandles touched was Ronald Franz, an elderly man who lost his family in an accident. He fell so in love with Mishandles that he even offered to him, if [Chris] would be [his] grandson. ?C,-1?0 (55)* Anyone that came into contact with Chris could see his blatant charm. Though Chris genuinely cared for others he also had another side; a more reserved side. In high school he was quite outgoing, most people only had nice things to say about him. Though there were some people who saw darker side. One of cross country teammates recalls that Chris would get extremely upset when he would do poorly at a meet. He never showed his anger but instead Just kept it inside. There would be times were Chris would Just keep to himself. His sister remembers, was very to himself. He was? always had friends, and everybody liked ? ¬but he could go off and entertain himself for hours. He need tots or friends. He could be alone without being (107)* In college he became more introverted. He began to live a more ascetic lifestyle and stopped contacting his rinds. One of his college friends recalls that he went to visit Chris and to see how he was doing but when he stepped into his apartment he was shocked to see that his apartment was very bare. It only had a mattress and a few milk crates. Chris was going through somewhat of a crisis during this point of his life. The revelation of his affair surfaced and he increasingly grew more and more upset with how society operated. It were situations such as those that drove Chris into the wild. He looked at the Alaskan wilderness as something like a sanctuary to find himself, answers, and maybe even God. For the most part I feel that Chris found what he was looking for. He realized what the genuine meaning of happiness was, only real when shared?C,-1?0 (189)* I feel that if he would have come out of the wilderness he would have came out a better man for himself, his friends, and most importantly his family. I feel that Chris did the right thing but it was Just a shame that it had to end that way. Life can become so chaotic that sometimes it would be nice to run away from it all. I have actually learned that with the stresses of college and the fast pace of life, things can quickly spiral out of control. For most people, our lives now have become so consumed with work, work, and more work that people forget the true essence of life. People go to work and kill themselves little by little for some Jobs that are not even worth it, Christopher Mishandles saw this and decided to do what most people only dream of. Just recently I had a similar break through like Chris and decided to get lost in San Francisco. It was one of the most rewarding experiences I have ever had I remembered what it was like to be happy again and to not worry about anything. I gained great insight about myself and life even if my trip the was only for one day.

A System Approach To Small Group Interaction Essay

A System Approach To Small Group Interaction - Essay Example It is essential for group members to communicate openly and freely with all the other group members. Once that in place the group will be able to develop norms about matters to be discussed and members will be in a position to develop rules which will intern affect the group interaction. There must be a common goal or purpose being pursued, and they must work together to achieve that goal. This is because; the goal will bring the group together and will hold it through tensions and conflict moments (Stewart, 162). Sharing of ideas is very important since one is able to learn new things and expound on his or her knowledge as well as making appropriate decisions that are wisely discussed for the benefit of the organization. Communication is a very complex ongoing process that brings people into contact globally. Often, it is perceived as a straight forward exchange of massages between the speaker and the listener, i.e. the most important channel of passing information. There are various types of communication and social factors that influence the entire process. Some of them are: Intentional and unintentional, verbal and nonverbal, defensive and supportive among others (Stewart, 164). Most people would prefer to receive information that is cognitive with their personal indulgent as opposed to cognitive dissonance which is totally inconsistent to one’s understanding of the ideas. Groups can either be big or small depending on the task bestowed on it as well as the nature of the organization that formed such a group. For any group to be more productive and achieve its objective, it is very important that all members work jointly, rather than being independent (Stewart, 168). Despite having different backgrounds, personalities, values, thoughts, and knowledge, it is better for everyone to make sure that he or she makes a significant contribution to the group. A well-structured group aimed at achieving its goal should be able to allow its members to voice their opinions and mind without undermining or criticizing their opinions.  

Super sleuth supermarket observation study Essay

Super sleuth supermarket observation study - Essay Example Tesco possess a wide portfolio of its store which includes: Tesco super store, Tesco Store, Tesco extra, Tesco metro. All this stores provides good service and excellent value to its customers. The difficulties that Tesco faced previously were due to low price inflation for food, less growth in population, difficulty in getting permission for setting the supermarket, saturated market and also competition. But today Tesco is considered as an example and treated as a model for supermarket across the world. According to the survey conducted on a weekend in Tesco store it was found that people of all age visit Tesco. But customer in the age band 20-45 years is found more as compared to customer falling in other age band. Both male and female customer was found on the store but as compared to male, female customers was more in number. Jaguar and Rover was found more in number in the parking space of the store. They mainly preferred casual. The store was crowded as it was a weekend therefore the store was more crowded as compared to other weekdays. The research was conducted in the evening which is the peak time in the weekend. The customers were checking the items of the list. The impulse item of Tesco was confectionary. More than 50 % of the crowd of the store was found at the confectionary division of the store. (RÃ ¼ther 32) While conducting a market survey it was revealed that a customer purchased Tesco extra large code fillets batter. The customer was so happy and overwhelmed when she came home and opens the pack. She was so excited and satisfied that she recommended to her friends relatives and other family members. In another case it was found that a customer who took his daughter for a lunch at Tesco and ordered for sandwich which they prefer to have whenever they come to Tesco. But when the sandwich was served it was found that the quality has degraded and the ingredient that was stuffed inside the sandwich was of low quality. But with